This Hubble Diagram for Type 1a Supernovae illustrates the relationship between the velocity and distance of galaxies, supporting the expansion of the universe and providing a method to estimate its age by extrapolating back to the Big Bang.
Scientists have developed various methods to estimate the age of the universe, each relying on different observations and theoretical frameworks. Either God created the universe billions of years ago, he created it to appear billions of years old, or modern science is in error. Again, this is an issue that the Bible remains decidedly silent on, implying a more recent creation rather than billions of years.
| Method | Description | Approximate Age | Additional Information |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) | Measures the oldest light in the universe | 13.8 billion years | Considered the most precise method to date |
| Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) | Measures imprint of sound waves in early universe | 13.8 billion years | Corroborates CMB measurements |
| Light Travel Time | Measures distance to farthest observable objects | 13.5-13.8 billion years | Provides a lower limit for the age of the universe |
| Hubble Constant | Measures the expansion rate of the universe | 13.7 billion years | Results can vary based on measurement techniques |
| Galactic Rotation | Analyzes motion of galaxies | 10-15 billion years | Less precise than other methods |
| Globular Clusters | Estimates age of oldest stars in globular clusters | 11-13 billion years | Provides a lower limit for the age of the universe |
| White Dwarfs | Measures cooling rate of white dwarf stars | 11-12 billion years | Provides an independent check on other methods |
This Hubble Diagram for Type 1a Supernovae illustrates the relationship between the velocity and distance of galaxies, supporting the expansion of the universe and providing a method to estimate its age by extrapolating back to the Big Bang.